• Parallelogram Law of Forces

DOWNDLOAD
Materials Required Parallelogram Law of Forces apparatus (Gravesand's apparatus) Plumb line Two hangers with slotted weights A body (a wooden block) whose weight is to be determined Thin strong thread White drawing paper sheet Drawing pins Mirror strip Sharp pencil Half meter scale Set squares Protractor  Real Lab Procedure  Set up the Gravesand's apparatus and ensure its board is vertical.  This can be tested using the plumb line. Test if the pulleys (let us name them - P1 and Q1) are frictionless. If you feel any friction, oil them. Fix the white drawing paper sheet to the board using the drawing pins. Take three pieces of strong threads and tie one end of all three together to make a knot. (Let us name this knotted end - O). This knot becomes the junction of the three threads. From the other ends of the two threads, tie a weight hanger with the same slotted weights in each; we will name these weights as P and Q. From the end of third thread tie the given body, which is the wooden block, which we will name as S. Pass the threads with weights P and Q over the pulleys and let the third thread with the block S, stay vertical in the middle of the board. The weights P, Q and the wooden block S acts as the three forces along the three threads. At the junction O, the forces are in equilibrium. Now adjust the weights P and Q (forces) such that the junction O stays in equilibrium slightly below the middle of the paper. See that all the weights hang freely and that none of them touch the board or the table. Mark the position of junction O on the paper using a sharp pencil. Slightly disturb the weights P and Q and then leave them. Once settled, note the position of junction O.  Make sure that this point is very close to the earlier position. Take the mirror strip and keeping it lengthwise under each thread, mark the position of the ends of the image of the thread in the mirror, covering the image by the thread. These new positions are P1, P2 for the thread with the weight P, and Q1 and Q2 for the thread with the weight Q and S1, S2 for the thread with the weight S. Remove the paper from the board and with the help of the half metre scale draw lines through the points P1 and P2 to represent P, through points Q1 and Q2 to represent Q and through points S1 and S2 to represent S. These lines must meet at point O. Assuming a scale of 1cm = 50 g, mark OA = 3 cm and OB =3 cm to represent P=150g and Q= 150g. Complete parallelogram OACB using the set squares and join OC. This represents the resultant vector R which corresponds to the weight S. Measure OC and multiply it by the scale (50 g) to get the value of the unknown weight (S). For different sets of observation, change P and Q suitably. We can find the weight of the wooden block (R) using the equation (1). Take the mean of the two values to get the actual weight of the body. To find the percentage error in the experiment, measure the actual weight of the body using a spring balance. Calculate the percentage error using equation (3). Observations  To find the actual weight of the unknown mass, W No:ofobs Forces Values of Slides Resultant force R (g wt)  Unknown weight S (g wt) Weight  by spring balance (g wt) Error (g wt) P (g wt) Q (g wt) cos  OA (cm) OB (cm) OC (cm) 1 2 3 4 5 Calculation Mean value of unknown weight S = ---------- gwt. Mean value of unknown weight, R =---------gwt Unknown weight = (S+R)/2 = ------------gwt= ---------------kgwt Percentage error = --------- Result The unknown weight of given body = ------------------ kgwt . The result shows the error is within limits of the experiment error.